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How to use
How to use it

Put acids, bases and salts in the beaker with their concentration: the pH comes out on its own, exact. A salt is added in the form it is sold in (sodium acetate, NaH₂PO₄, NH₄Cl…). Below you will see the textbook formula for that solution, the speciation, and the titration with the titrant you choose.

What “exact” means

The charge balance and the mass balance of every species are solved together, neglecting nothing: not x against C, not the water, not the second dissociations. It is an ideal solution (concentrations, no activity coefficients) at 25 °C, as in high school and first-year courses.

Where the constants come from

Every pKa and every colour-change range comes from a hand-curated table, with its primary source cited (the paper that measured it, or a critical compilation). Below, under “Sources”, you see the ones for your mixture. If your textbook gives a different value, create your own acid with yours.

Chemistry: solutions and pHExact pH of any mixture, titrations and speciation
Chemistry: solutions and pHExact pH of any mixture, titrations and speciation
Try:

In the beaker

pH = 7.00
[H⁺] = 1.00·10⁻⁷ M · [OH⁻] = 1.00·10⁻⁷ M
Charge balance solved (left over: 1.63·10⁻²⁰ M)

The textbook formula versus the exact answer

Pure water: pH = 7

Textbook formula7.00
Exact7.00
Error0.00

The textbook gives no rule for this, but here it is right.

Solubility and precipitation

Titration

Added:
12.5
12.50 mL → pH 12.52

There is no pH jump over this range: the titration would have no visible end point (try a larger volume or another titrant).

And before the solution? The atom, the periodic table and the orbitals,in Atoms.